Answer to Question 1
A
Epidural analgesia is commonly used in critical care units after major abdominal surgery, nephrectomy, thoracotomy, and major orthopedic procedures. Monitor for adverse reactions, including respiratory depression, urinary retention, undue somnolence, itching, seizures, nausea, and vomiting.
Answer to Question 2
C
Sleep deprivation is a serious concern in critical care environments. Including patients and family members in critical care interdisciplinary rounds has been shown to improve perceptions of accessibility and communication. Alterations in the physical environment of critical care units can provide a sense of calm, enhance patient coping, and facilitate healing. The type of complementary or integrative therapies used depends on a patient's preferences, coping style, physical capabilities, and personality type. Music therapy, relaxation, guided imagery, therapeutic massage, visualization, prayer, biofeedback, and mindfulness meditation are potentially useful for critically ill patients.
Client on IV patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).
Temperature cycles for 24 hours
Inspecting a patient’s ear during a physical examination.
Preoperative and Postoperative Patient Instructions
Role-Playing a Situation in Which a Patient Is Frightened, Angry, or Anxious
A patient undergoing hemodialysis.