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Side effects from substance abuse include nausea, dehydration, reduced productivitiy, and dependence. Though these effects usually worsen over time, the constant need for the substance often overcomes rational thinking.
As the western states of America were settled, pioneers often had to drink rancid water from ponds and other sources. This often resulted in chronic diarrhea, causing many cases of dehydration and death that could have been avoided if clean water had been available.
Addicts to opiates often avoid treatment because they are afraid of withdrawal. Though unpleasant, with proper management, withdrawal is rarely fatal and passes relatively quickly.
The tallest man ever known was Robert Wadlow, an American, who reached the height of 8 feet 11 inches. He died at age 26 years from an infection caused by the immense weight of his body (491 pounds) and the stress on his leg bones and muscles.
Increased intake of vitamin D has been shown to reduce fractures up to 25% in older people.
![GI series. (a) Upper GI series begins with a barium swallow, barium shake, or barium meal. (b) Lower](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_14755_26_10_12_5_23_55_96931000.jpeg)
![Samples from the range of continuous variation in human eye color. Different alleles of more than on](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/44/medium_1099382_26_01_22_1_16_53_441711845.jpeg)