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As many as 28% of hospitalized patients requiring mechanical ventilators to help them breathe (for more than 48 hours) will develop ventilator-associated pneumonia. Current therapy involves intravenous antibiotics, but new antibiotics that can be inhaled (and more directly treat the infection) are being developed.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.
Excessive alcohol use costs the country approximately $235 billion every year.
In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function, such as in acute kidney (renal) failure.
Illicit drug use costs the United States approximately $181 billion every year.