Answer to Question 1
Massive economic, technological, and social changes occurred as machine technology
and the factory system shifted the economic base from agriculture to manufacturing. A
new social class of industrialists emerged in textiles, iron smelting, and related
industries. Many people who had labored on the land were forced to leave their tightly
knit rural communities and sacrifice well-defined social relationships to seek
employment as factory workers in the emerging cities, which became the centers of
industrial work. The development of the factory system led to a rapid increase in both
the number of cities and the size of the population. People from very diverse
backgrounds worked together in the same factory. At the same time, many people
shifted from being producers to being consumers. These living and working conditions
led to the development of new social problems: inadequate housing, crowding,
unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime. Wages were so low that entire
familiesincluding very young childrenwere forced to work, often under hazardous
conditions and with no job security. As these conditions became more visible, a new
breed of social thinkers turned its attention to trying to understand why and how society
was changing.
Answer to Question 2
a
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