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Blood in the urine can be a sign of a kidney stone, glomerulonephritis, or other kidney problems.
When blood is exposed to air, it clots. Heparin allows the blood to come in direct contact with air without clotting.
Long-term mental and physical effects from substance abuse include: paranoia, psychosis, immune deficiencies, and organ damage.
Patients who cannot swallow may receive nutrition via a parenteral route—usually, a catheter is inserted through the chest into a large vein going into the heart.
As the western states of America were settled, pioneers often had to drink rancid water from ponds and other sources. This often resulted in chronic diarrhea, causing many cases of dehydration and death that could have been avoided if clean water had been available.