Answer to Question 1
Learning goal orientation is the desire to perform well because it satisfies an interest in meeting a challenge and learning new skills. Performance goal orientation is the desire to perform well to demonstrate one's competence to others. Avoidance goal orientation is the desire to achieve success to avoid appearing incompetent and receiving negative evaluations from others.
Answer to Question 2
The use of IT can often help to reduce the effect of biases and heuristics on decision making. IT systems can generate much more information on which managers can base their decisions. Likewise, new software programs can generate improved tables and charts making the data more meaningful to managers. This in, turn, can reduce the effects of the availability and representativeness biases.
Additionally, because IT can be used to link managers at different levels and in different parts of the organization, there is less likelihood of their making errors. For example, the escalation-of-commitment bias is likely to be minimized, as more objective information becomes available and shows that a serious problem does exist in the organization. Thus, managers with different perspectives can simultaneously examine that information before deciding what to do.
Two types of DNA transfer can take place during conjugation
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