An investigator finds that college students who drink alcohol excessively have academic achievement that is lower than other students who do not engage in this activity. She concludes that excessive drinking of alcohol results in decreased academic achievement. Which alternative hypothesis(s) should she investigate?
a. Hypothesis of the common cause
b. Hypothesis of reverse causality
c. Hypothesis about other independent variables
d. a and c
e. All of these are true.
Question 2
If faced with the dilemma of choosing between internal validity and external validity, an experimenter should give priority to
a. internal validity. b. external validity.
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