A study of inner-city adolescents found that the proportion of those who participate in athletics who have police records was much lower than that proportion for other adolescents in the same community. It might be concluded that participation in athletics helps adolescents avoid criminal activity. Many other hypotheses may also be suggested. Read the hypotheses (a-d) and choose the correct answer. Which is a hypothesis of reversed causality?
a. adolescents with criminal records have difficulty getting accepted into athletic teams.
b. athletes avoid criminal records because police look the other way when athletes are involved in crime.
c. athletic activities keep adolescents off the street and out of crime.
d. the kind of adolescents who choose to participate in athletics are more inclined to avoid crime than are other adolescents.
Question 2
Choose the intersubject difference control that best corresponds with the following statements. A teacher flips a coin for each child to determine if the child will be in the control or experimental group.
a. ANCOVA
b. Homogeneous selection
c. Randomized matching
d. Random assignment
e. Use subjects as their own controls
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