Answer to Question 1
Over 67 percent of data breaches come from hackers trying to make money. Hackers
are primarily looking for personally identifiable information (PII), or data that can be used to
identify a person. This includes names, addresses, dates of birth, social security numbers, credit
card numbers, health records, bank account numbers, personal identification numbers, and email
addresses. Stolen information is commonly used for credit card fraud. Stolen credit card
information is validated through a process called carding, where a small charge is placed on the
card to ensure it is working. Valid cards are then bundled and sold on the black market. The price
of stolen credit cards can run from 2 to 45 per card, depending on the type of account. Stolen
data is commonly used for identity theft, extortion, and industrial espionage.
Answer to Question 2
Patches are group fixes for high priority failures that can be applied to all copies of a
given product. Software vendors supply patches to fix security and other critical problems. They
usually bundle fixes of low-priority problems into larger groups called service packs. Users
apply service packs in much the same way that they apply patches, except that service packs
typically involve fixes to hundreds or thousands of problems.
Four types of cellular responses to positional information in animals.
The carbon cycle. Numbers are storage as 1015 g or fluxes as 1015 g per year (data from Schlesinger
Sharing patient information with colleagues is an important nursing role
Memory card
A physician uses a portable electronic tablet to enter patient data while in the examination room.
Survivorship curves. Blue lines are theoretical curves. Red dots are data from field studies.