Answer to Question 1
The approaches to assess whether an animal is stressed include:
1 . Behavioral indices
2 . Plasma concentrations of the adrenal stress hormone, cortisol and corticosterone
3 . Production metrics such as growth or milk production, or egg production
4 . Health indices including the frequency of injuries, disease, and mortality as stress impairs the immune response
5 . Physiological indices such as heart rate
Answer to Question 2
Animals have reproductive behaviors:
1 . To increase the chances that the male will pass on its genes to as many offspring as possible
2 . To increase the chances that the female gametes will be fertilized
3 . To restrict mating to within the same species
4 . To identify when a female is fertile
5 . Because courtship behaviors prior to mating ensure that the female is responsive and in the position to allow mounting
6 . For mounting, intromission, and insemination
7 . For parental behaviors to feed and protect the offspring
Compartments within (a) animal and (b) plant cells
Dissimilar organisms with similar approaches to desert living.
Structure of a typical animal cell
Animal Cell Diagram
To maintain balance the bipedal pelvis has a foreshortened ilium and is broader and bowl-shaped. The
Animal Cell