Answer to Question 1
The approaches to assess whether an animal is stressed include:
1 . Behavioral indices
2 . Plasma concentrations of the adrenal stress hormone, cortisol and corticosterone
3 . Production metrics such as growth or milk production, or egg production
4 . Health indices including the frequency of injuries, disease, and mortality as stress impairs the immune response
5 . Physiological indices such as heart rate
Answer to Question 2
Animals have reproductive behaviors:
1 . To increase the chances that the male will pass on its genes to as many offspring as possible
2 . To increase the chances that the female gametes will be fertilized
3 . To restrict mating to within the same species
4 . To identify when a female is fertile
5 . Because courtship behaviors prior to mating ensure that the female is responsive and in the position to allow mounting
6 . For mounting, intromission, and insemination
7 . For parental behaviors to feed and protect the offspring
plant and animal cells when hypertonic and hypotonic
animal cell
Giraffe bending down to drink. The animal's rete mirabile prevents excess blood flow to the bra
Fossils are formed after an animal dies, decomposes, and is covered in sediment. Minerals in ground
Examples of animal reproduction.
Reverse Genetics Approaches in Model Genetic Organisms