Answer to Question 1
D
Cathartics are classified by the method by which the agent promotes defecation. Stimulant cathartics cause local irritation to the intestinal mucosa, increase intestinal motility, and inhibit reabsorption of water in the large intestine. Saline or osmotic agents contain a salt preparation that the intestines do not absorb. The cathartic draws water into the fecal mass. This osmotic action increases the bulk of the intestinal contents and enhances lubrication. Emollient or wetting agents are detergents and act as stool softeners to lower the surface tension of feces, allowing water and fat to penetrate the fecal material. Bulk-forming cathartics absorb water and increase solid intestinal bulk. The fecal bulk stretches the intestinal walls, stimulating peristalsis. Lubricants soften the fecal mass, thus easing the strain of defecation. The only lubricant laxative available is mineral oil.
Answer to Question 2
B
A common test is the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or guaiac test, which measures microscopic amounts of blood in the feces. It is a useful screening test for colon cancer. Melena refers to blood in the stool that causes stool to turn black and sticky. Amylase and alkaline phosphatase are blood tests.
Stereotaxic Surgery on a Human Patient
Foley catheter with balloon in the bladder of a male patient.
An open chamber MRI may be more comfortable for the patient, but images may not be as distinct.
A therapist assisting an amputee patient to regain mobility and strength after amputation.