Answer to Question 1
b
Answer to Question 2
To understand the mass-luminosity relation, recall (1) the principle of hydrostatic equilibrium, which says that pressure balances weight, and (2) the pressure-temperature thermostat, which regulates energy production. A star that is more massive than the Sun has more weight pressing down on its interior, so the interior must have a higher pressure to balance that weight. That means the massive star's automatic pressure-temperature thermostat must keep the gas in its interior hot and the pressure high. A star less massive than the Sun has less weight on its interior and thus needs less internal pressure; therefore, its pressure-temperature thermostat is set lower. Massive stars are more luminous because they must make more energy to support their weight.
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