Answer to Question 1
1 . Act.Do something. In the face of hatred, apathy will be taken as acceptance, even by the victims of prejudice themselves.
2 . Unite.Call a friend or coworker. Organize a group of like-thinking friends from school or a place of worship or club. Create a coalition that is diverse and includes the young, the old, law enforcement representatives, and the media.
3 . Support the victims. Victims of hate crimes are especially vulnerable. Let them know they are cared for by words, in person, or by e-mail. If a friend is a victim, report it.
4 . Do the required homework.If it appears that a hate crime has been committed, do research to document it.
5 . Create an alternative.Never attend a rally where hate is a part of the agenda. Find another outlet for releasing frustration, whatever the cause.
6 . Speak up.Each person has First Amendment rights. Denounce the hatred, the cruel jokes. If a news organization is misrepresenting a group, speak up.
7 . Lobby leaders.Persuade policymakers, business heads, community leaders, and executives of media outlets to take a stand against hate.
8 . Look long term. Participate or organize events such as annual parades or cultural fairs to celebrate diversity and harmony. Supplement it with a website that can be a 24/7 resource.
9 . Teach acceptance. Prejudice is learned, and parents and teachers can influence the content of curriculum. In a first-grade class in Seattle, children paint self-portraits, mixing colors to match their skin tone.
10 . Dig deeper.Look into the issues that divide peoplesocial inequality, immigration, and sexual orientation. Work against prejudice. Dig deep inside for prejudices and stereotypes that may be embraced. Find out what is happening and act
Answer to Question 2
Emory Bogardus (1968) conceptualized a scale that could measure social distance empirically. His social distance scale is so widely used that it is often called the Bogardus scale.
The scale asks people how willing they would be to interact with various racial and ethnic groups in specified social situations. The situations describe different degrees of social contact or social distance. The items used, with their corresponding distance scores, follow. People are asked whether they would be willing to work alongside someone or be a neighbor to someone of a different group, and, showing the least amount of social distance, be related through marriage. Over the 70-year period in which the tests were administered, certain patterns emerged. In the top third of the hierarchy are White Americans and northern Europeans. Held at greater social distance are eastern and southern Europeans, and generally near the bottom are racial minorities.
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