Answer to Question 1
The extreme long shot is taken from a great distance, sometimes as far as a
quarter of a mile away. It's almost always an exterior shot and shows much of the
locale. Extreme long shots also serve as spatial frames of reference for the closer
shots and for this reason are sometimes called establishing shots. The most effective
use of these shots is often found in epic films, where locale plays an important role:
westerns, war films, samurai films, and historical movies.
Answer to Question 2
Film noir is a style defined primarily in terms of light and shadow. This style
typified a variety of American genres in the 1940s and early 1950s. Noir is a world of
night and shadows. Its setting is almost exclusively urban. The style is profuse with
symbols of fragility and motifs of entrapment. The images are rich in sensuous
textures. Visual designs emphasize harsh lighting contrasts, jagged shapes, and
violated surfaces. The tone of film noir is fatalistic and paranoid. It's suffused with
pessimism, emphasizing the darker aspects of the human condition. Its themes
characteristically revolve around violence, lust, greed, betrayal, and depravity.