Answer to Question 1
Answer: key points to be made
Most theories accept legal definitions and assume law as consensus of society, labeling believes law is relative and legal definitions of crime are not only subjective but relative to time and place.
Focus is not on the lawbreaker but on the societal reaction to the deviant act.
Refers to deviant act, more than crimes
Asks, Why did society react to this individual this time?
May not be really a theory, but a perspective because it is mostly built off of symbolic interactionism
Also looks at people who commit deviance but are not caught
Answer to Question 2
Answer: key points to be made
First an initial act or primary deviance occurs
Society reacts to the primary deviance and may watch the person more closely and single the person out for more scrutiny
If the person does something else perceived of as deviant, society quickly uses label, enforces their prior perception of the person as needing watching
Person may react negatively to the label and internalize the perception that she or he is bad, deviant.
Secondary deviance is a result, further lawbreaking or deviance results from the person fulfilling the expectations of others that they are bad
Labeling of black cohosh: (a) front label with general health claim
An example of nutrition labeling on a box of cereal.
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Pulse–chase labeling evidence of bidirectional DNA replication in mammalian chromosomes