Answer to Question 1
The rigid pattern of conduct that evolved in Japan during the sixteenth century resulted in the following practices among the Issei and their descendants:
1 . Koko. Filial piety defines the relationship between parents and children, between siblings, and between individuals and their community and rulers. One outcome is that the Issei expect their children to care for them in their old age.
2 . Gaman. Most Japanese believe it is virtuous to suppress emotions. The practice of self-control is paramount.
3 . Haji. Individuals should not bring shame on themselves, their families, or their communities. This Japanese cultural concept exerts strong social control.
4 . Enryo. There is no equivalent word in English, but many Japanese believe it is important to be polite and to show respect, deference, self-effacement, humility, and hesitation. Thus, some older or less acculturated Americans of Japanese descent are neither aggressive nor assertive.
Answer to Question 2
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Nineteenth century etching of a lion tamer in a cage of lions
Percussion Patterns, Anterior Thorax
Japanese Cockroach
A sidewheeler on the Mississippi. In 1856 Samuel Clemens became an apprentice to a steamboat pilot a
The Last Century Trends
The Japanese's diet