Answer to Question 1
The risk of cancer development begins when DNA becomes damaged. DNA can be damaged by reactive oxygen molecules (free radicals), radiation, toxins, and other reactive substances within cells. The structure of DNA is altered by the damage, and that changes the accuracy of DNA codes for protein synthesis. Cells have multiple and redundant systems that continuously work to repair DNA to maintain its proper structure. Most of the time, DNA is successfully repaired. Problems arise when the repair processes fail to keep up with the damage. When this happens, errors in DNA codes disrupt protein synthesis and normal cell functions in ways that can lead to the development of abnormal cell functions and structures. This situation can lead to the initiation phase of cancer development. Cancer development enters the promotion phase if damaged DNA is allowed to accumulate over the course of years (10 to 30 years in most cases). Ultimately, the growth of abnormal cells becomes rampant and can spread throughout the body.
Answer to Question 2
1 . Rely on foods for nutrient needs.
2 . Utilize dietary patterns that are plant-based:
5 or more servings of a variety of vegetables and fruits daily, including those that are dark green, orange, and red.
3 or more whole grains/products daily.
Regular consumption of dried beans, nuts, and seeds.
Include fish and seafood, chicken.
Limit intake of red and processed meats.
Exclude charred meats.
Exclude excess alcohol intake.
Limit intake of foods and beverages with added sugars.
3 . Exclude smoking.
4 . Include 3060 minutes daily of moderate-intensity physical activity.
5 . Maintain a normal weight.
