Answer to Question 1
Answer: Variable-ratio reinforcement schedules involve giving out a reward after a random number of behaviors. Slot machines are an example of variable-ratio schedules. Variable-ratio schedules are addictive. You will keep trying a behavior, such as putting money in a slot machine, never knowing when/if the money will come out.
Answer to Question 2
Answer: Negative reinforcement is rewarding good behavior with the removal of something aversive. In this case, the good behavior is applying sunblock and the removal of something aversive is the risk of sunburn. If you forget or neglect to use sunblock, you will experience a punishment in the form of a sunburn.
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