Answer to Question 1
Frequent and chronic alcohol consumption can interfere with normal liver function partly because the two main by-products of alcohol metabolism are acetaldehyde and NADH + H+. The accumulation of acetaldehyde damages the liver, impairing its function. Alcohol metabolism also raises NADH + H+ levels and lowers NAD+ levels in the liver. As a result, the activity of numerous NAD-linked enzymes becomes limited. With limited NAD+, pyruvate is instead converted to lactate.
Answer to Question 2
If two people of similar body weight ingest the same amount of alcohol, the leaner person will have a lower BAC. This occurs because alcohol diffuses from the blood and into the lean tissue until equilibrium is reached. In contrast, adipose tissue takes up very little alcohol, so that more remains in the blood. An individual with a large body tends to have more blood and body fluids than one with a smaller body, diluting the concentration of alcohol. Therefore, the BAC of a large person (Ben) and/or one with more lean tissue is often lower than that of a small person (Marla) and/or one with less lean tissue after drinking the same amount of alcohol. Because Ben is larger and probably leaner (because he is male), Ben's BAC will be lower than Marla's.
Acromegaly in one individual from a pair of identical twins.
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Gastric cancer. In advanced stages of gastric cancer, malignant cells spread to form tumors in the l
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Brain metabolism in a schizophrenic individual (left) and a normal individual (right). These scans o