Answer to Question 1
The BMR begins to decrease in early adulthood (after growth and development cease) at a rate of about 2 percent/ decade. A reduction in voluntary activity as well brings the total decline in energy expenditure to about 5 percent/decade.
Answer to Question 2
Age: Lean body mass diminishes with age, slowing the BMR.
Height: In tall, thin people, the BMR is higher.
Growth: In children, adolescents, and pregnant women, the BMR is higher.
Body composition (gender): The more lean tissue, the higher the BMR (which is why males usually have a higher BMR than females). The more fat tissue, the lower the BMR.
Fever: Fever raises the BMR.
Stresses: Stresses (including many diseases and certain drugs) raise the BMR.
Environmental temperature: Both heat and cold raise the BMR.
Fasting/starvation: Fasting/starvation lowers the BMR.
Malnutrition: Malnutrition lowers the BMR.
Hormones (gender): The thyroid hormone thyroxine, for example, can speed up or slow down the BMR. Premenstrual hormones slightly raise the BMR.
Smoking: Nicotine increases energy expenditure.
Caffeine: Caffeine increases energy expenditure.
Sleep: BMR is lowest when sleeping.
The effects of aging can be seen in the decline in function of many physiological systems.
The greatest bone mass is found around age 30 for both men and women, with the later decline being f
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Physiological Factors Affecting Blood Pressure
The primary factors affecting blood pressure.
Certain foods and lifestyle factors contribute to heartburn