Describe the risks associated with caffeine intake during ...

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Describe the risks associated with caffeine intake during pregnancy.

Question 2

List potential complications of both mother and infant when pregnancy occurs in an older woman.

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Answer to Question 1

Caffeine crosses the placenta, and the developing fetus has a limited ability to metabolize it. Limited evidence suggests that heavy use of caffeine increases the risk of hypertension, miscarriage, and stillbirth. Depending on the quantities consumed and the mother's metabolism, caffeine may also interfere with fetal growth. Lower doses of caffeine-say, at levels equivalent to 3 cups of coffee or less-appear to be compatible with healthy pregnancies. All things considered, it may be most sensible to limit caffeine consumption to the equivalent of a cup or two of coffee a day.

Answer to Question 2

A woman over 35 can have a healthy pregnancy, but she is at higher risk of complications during pregnancy, labor, and delivery. The few complications associated with later childbearing often reflect chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes. These may result in cesarean delivery, which is twice as common in women older than 35 as among younger women. The babies of older mothers have higher rates of preterm births and low birthweights, with higher rates of birth defects.