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Cocaine was isolated in 1860 and first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. Its first clinical use was by Sigmund Freud to wean a patient from morphine addiction. The fictional character Sherlock Holmes was supposed to be addicted to cocaine by injection.
Drug-induced pharmacodynamic effects manifested in older adults include drug-induced renal toxicity, which can be a major factor when these adults are experiencing other kidney problems.
Approximately 15–25% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage. However, many miscarriages often occur before a woman even knows she is pregnant.
Asthma occurs in one in 11 children and in one in 12 adults. African Americans and Latinos have a higher risk for developing asthma than other groups.
Many supplement containers do not even contain what their labels say. There are many documented reports of products containing much less, or more, that what is listed on their labels. They may also contain undisclosed prescription drugs and even contaminants.
![Measures of ocean chlorophyll-a concentrations from part of Atlantic Canada in (a) January 2006, and](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_33_19_02_12_5_44_56_20731897.jpeg)
![Orangutans are limited to the islands of Sumatra and Borneo, where their numbers are rapidly declini](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_275816_26_01_15_5_17_47_203801564.jpeg)