Answer to Question 1
Smoking enhances the hormonal effects of gastrin and acetylcholine and thus increases acid secretion.
Medications such as cimetidine do not function as well when the client smokes.
Smoking has also been shown to decrease the ability of ulcerations to heal and the risk for reoccurrence is higher (smoking decreases blood supply).
Answer to Question 2
Family history
Smoking
Previous diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease.