Answer to Question 1
Primary control strategies involve bringing the environment in line with one's own desires and wishes, whereas secondary control strategies bring oneself in line with the environment. As such, primary control has primacy over secondary control strategies. Primary control lets people shape their environments to fit their goals and develop potential, and hence, primary control strategies are more adaptive for the individual. The capacity to achieve primary control peaks in midlife, and as people age, secondary control increases.
Answer to Question 2
There are many different kinds of belief systems. These vary across age groups and serve to influence behavior. Understanding differences in social beliefs has three important aspects. First, we must consider the specific content of the social belief system. This means we need to understand a person's knowledge regarding rules, norms, and patterns of social behavior. Second, we have to understand the strength of these beliefs to understand to what extent and under what situations they may influence behavior. Lastly, we need to know the likelihood that these beliefs will be automatically activated when a person is confronted with a situation in which these beliefs are questioned or challenged. If we understand these three aspects, we will be better able to explain when and why age differences occur in social judgments.
Relatively simple changes in Hox genes control limb formation in tetrapods.
Jan de Heem, Still Life with Lobster.
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