Answer to Question 1
standardized
Answer to Question 2
In the early days of the English criminal justice system, defendants were rarely represented by counsel, and trials were concluded very rapidly. Historical accounts show that a jury would hear 1220 felony cases in a single day. Trials played out in a similar fashion in U.S. courts during the 1800s. One historian points out that many early trials in the United States were carried out without defense attorneys, and in some cases, without prosecuting attorneys.
As the U.S. legal system began to mature and lawyers became regular participants, trials slowed down and guilty plea rates increased out of necessity.