Which of the following illustrates the concept of craving?
a. A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
b. A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
c. A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of a shock through the floor of the chamber.
d. A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a rush.
e. An injection of cocaine reinstates responding for intravenous cocaine in a rat that underwent extinction of cocaine responding.
Question 2
Studies by Volkow indicate that cocaine addicts exhibit ________ during withdrawal from cocaine.
a. increased activation of the orbitofrontal cortex
b. increased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex
c. increased blood flow in the anterior cingulate cortex
d. decreased activation of the medial prefrontal cortex
e. decreased dopamine production in the nucleus accumbens
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