Answer to Question 1
An example of positive reinforcement would be a mother giving a child a special treat if the child behaved in the store. Negative reinforcement would occur when you get in your car and buckle your seatbelt in order to stop the beeping noise. If I got sick on a certain food and was then conditioned to avoid it because it caused nausea, extinction would occur when I no longer pair the sickness with the food and can eat it again. Positive punishment is an active processdoing something to someone like assigning extra chores.
Answer to Question 2
Positive affect and approach. This dimension describes the easy child, who is generally approachable and adaptive to his or her environment and possesses the ability to regulate basic functions of eating, sleeping, and elimination relatively smoothly. Fearful or inhibited. This dimension describes the slow-to-warm-up child, who is cautious in his or her approach to novel or challenging situations. Such children are more variable in self-regulation and adaptability and may show distress or negativity toward some situations. Negative affect or irritability. This dimension describes the difficult child, who is predominantly negative or intense in mood, not very adaptable, and arrhythmic. Some children with this temperament show distress when faced with novel or challenging situations, and others are prone to general distress or irritability, including when limitations are placed on them.
Cell-wall structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
These species are all at risk of extinction.
Examples of internal controls.
Constant velocity versus positive velocity
Examples of Scientific Theories