Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement differ in that:
a) Only positive reinforcement results in a subsequent increase in the response
b) Only negative reinforcement can be combined with observational learning
c) Only positive reinforcement is involved in instrumental learning
d) Only negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus
Question 2
Cultural bias is problematic in assessment in that:
a) Most psychological tests have been rendered invalid when used with different cultures
b) A lack of awareness of cultural factors can create difficulties in reaching conclusions from assessment
c) Clinicians cannot be aware of different cultures in evaluation
d) Cultural differences cloud objectivity
Cell-wall structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Schedules of Reinforcement
A negative feedback loop.
The peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria
Negative and positive feedback loops
Using Reinforcement Instead of Punishment