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When blood is exposed to air, it clots. Heparin allows the blood to come in direct contact with air without clotting.
More than 2,500 barbiturates have been synthesized. At the height of their popularity, about 50 were marketed for human use.
Illicit drug use costs the United States approximately $181 billion every year.
Before a vaccine is licensed in the USA, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews it for safety and effectiveness. The CDC then reviews all studies again, as well as the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American Academy of Family Physicians. Every lot of vaccine is tested before administration to the public, and the FDA regularly inspects vaccine manufacturers' facilities.
In women, pharmacodynamic differences include increased sensitivity to (and increased effectiveness of) beta-blockers, opioids, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and typical antipsychotics.