Answer to Question 1
First, happy people report a higher frequency of positive emotions and a lower frequency of negative emotions than people who are less happy. A higher frequency of positive emotions leads people to think and act in ways that help to broaden and build their emotional, physical, and social resources. Second, good social relations with other peoplefriends, family, romantic partnersis an important ingredient for being happy. Such close relationships are available to all people, regardless of personal wealth. Finally, many studies indicate that people who have concrete goals, especially realistic ones, and who feel they are making progress toward those goals, are happier than people who lack goals.
Answer to Question 2
One contributing factor is the concept of belief perseverance. This is the tendency to adhere to our beliefs or attitudes, even when new evidence indicates inaccuracies. So, if new evidence comes to light regarding a suspect, any previous information that a juror has heard, even if it has no bearing on the current case, may contribute to a juror's view of the current case. A second contributing factor is the hindsight bias, which is the tendency to believe that I knew it all along when an event occurs or new information is received that is consistent with the conclusion reached. So, when evidence is presented that jurors are not supposed to remember and use, they may later assume they knew the information before it was presented in court and actually be influenced by it.
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For the circuit in Figure 1, assume ideal diodes. The peak inverse voltage is approximately