Answer to Question 1
Views of adolescent development have changed across time. Adolescence has not always been viewed as a distinct stage of human development. G. Stanley Hall was the first to suggest the stage and define it as a time of storm and stress. According to this view, adolescence is a time of intense turmoil with mood swings and conflicts with parents that are a necessary aspect of growing up. Sigmund Freud saw most of adolescence as a peaceful time of transition from childhood to adulthood. Peaceful, that is, until the genital stage begins and sexual urges reemerge at puberty. Anna Freud, like Hall, considered adolescence to be marked by turmoil. However, she viewed the turmoil as being caused by an intense sex drive and the feelings of anxiety and uncertainty created by this sex drive. Turmoil, according to both Hall and Anna Freud, is a necessary aspect of adolescence and is necessary for normal development. Contemporary views see turmoil and stress as potential, but not necessary, aspects of adolescence. One key predictor of the degree of turmoil experienced by an adolescent is degree, number, and/or magnitude of life changes that coincide with adolescence and puberty. A child experiencing moving to a new school, a parental divorce, issues of sexual orientation, and the like, are more prone to experience adolescence as a time of turmoil.
Answer to Question 2
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Model organisms used to study the genetics of development
Prenatal development in humans.
Views of Earth’s Surface
Lamarckian and Darwinian views of evolution
Vaccine Development
The Adolescent Brain and Schizophrenia