Answer to Question 1
Materials typically flow downstream in a supply chain from raw materials sources to the ultimate consumer with value being added to the product along the way. This is value stream. Reverse flows can move back through the supply chain for a variety of reasons. The forward flow in the supply chain typically has received the most attention since it is so important in terms of customer service, revenue, and cash flow. The reverse direction has often been regarded as a necessary evil or at best a cost center that needs continual scrutiny to control and reduce.
Traditionally, reverse flows were not viewed as adding value for customers or revenue for the manufacturer or producer. In other words, product returns were viewed as a waste stream, not as a potential value stream.
Answer to Question 2
d