Answer to Question 1
Five major categories of mechanical devices used to measure physiological reactions are:
(1) Eye-tracking monitor - measures unconscious eye movements.
(2) Pupilometer - observes and records changes in the diameter of a subject's pupils.
(3) Psychogalvanometer - measures galvanic skin response (GSR), which is a measure of involuntary changes in the electrical resistance of the skin.
(4) Voice-pitch analysis - gauges emotional reactions as reflected in physiological changes in a person's voice.
Answer to Question 2
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This advance has been especially important when conjoined in the form of Hierarchical Bayes, or simply HB, models.