Answer to Question 1
Fertility is the actual level of childbearing for an individual or a population.
The level of fertility in a society is based on biological and social factors.
The primary biological factor is the number of women of childbearing age
(usually between ages 15 and 45). Other biological factors affecting
fertility include the general health and level of nutrition of women of
childbearing age. Social factors influencing the level of fertility include the
roles available to women in a society and prevalent viewpoints regarding
what constitutes the ideal family size. Based on biological capability
alone, most women could produce twenty or more children during their
childbearing years. Fecundity is the potential number of children who
could be born if every woman reproduced at her maximum biological
capacity. Fertility rates are not as high as fecundity rates because
people's biological capabilities are limited by social factors such as
practicing voluntary abstinence and refraining from sexual intercourse
until an older age, as well as by contraception, voluntary sterilization,
abortion, and infanticide. Additional social factors affecting fertility include
significant changes in the number of available partners for sex and//or
marriage (for example, as a result of war), increases in the number of
women of childbearing age in the work force, and high rates of
unemployment.
The most basic measure of fertility is the crude birth rate the number of live births per
1,000 people in a population in a given year. In 2010, the crude birth rate in the United States
was 13.83 per 1,000, as compared with an all-time high rate of 27 per 1,000 in 1947
(following World War II).
Answer to Question 2
True
study
Worldwide Variations in Population and Income Levels
Berko’s Language Study
Population Pyramids
Population and Settlement
Age-Standardized Suicide Rates (per 100 000 Population), Both Sexes, 2016