Answer to Question 1
Mintzberg has five designs with five elements common to all designs. Simple structure is small, informal, and with centralized decision-making. The strategic apex element dominates this form. Machine bureaucracy has a highly complex structure and formal climate with clear lines of authority. Work is highly specialized and it works in a stable environment. The technostructure element predominates. Professional bureaucracy consists of highly trained specialists. Complex decision-making and authority rests with the specialists, and it is dominated by the operating core element. Divisional structure is a large organization form where sets of autonomous units are coordinated by managers. The middle-line element is crucial here. Finally, the Adhocracy, another simple structure, is highly informal with decentralized authority. The support staff element is key here.
Answer to Question 2
There are two basic sources of resistance to change, individual and organizational. Individual barriers include fear of the unknown, economic uncertainty, threats to social relationships, habit, and failure to recognize the need for change. Organizational barriers include structural inertia, work group inertia, threats to existing balance of power, previously unsuccessful change efforts, and the composition of the board of directors.
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Different forms of a gene are called alleles
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