John Kotter argues for eight steps in successful change efforts.
a. Sense of urgency
b. Creating a guiding coalition
c. Developing strong vision and strategy
d. Over-communication of the vision and strategy
e. Redesigning the organization to encourage broad-based action
f. Generating short term wins
g. Consolidating the wins into organizational design
h. Anchoring the new changes in the organizational culture.
Question 2
According to Leader Substitutes Theory:
A) effective leaders find capable substitutes to replace subordinates who lack appropriate
skills or motivation
B) hierarchical leadership is less important when new strategies can be substituted for
obsolete ones
C) hierarchical leadership is less important when many substitutes are present in the
situation
D) effective leaders find capable substitutes to fill in for them when they must be absent
from the work unit
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