Answer to Question 1
John Kotter identifies eight reasons why change efforts fail. He presents these reasons in the carefully planned sequence of what is needed for successful change leadership, revealing his eight-step model. The first four steps in any effective change leadership process involve defrosting the hardened status quo. The next three steps introduce new practices that have the potential to bring success. The last step is critical because it is here that the change becomes embedded into the organizational culture.
Answer to Question 2
When leaders want to change their organization, they often encounter many barriers to change, including the desire to enjoy the benefits of stability, calculated opposition from persons with different points of view, mental blinders, and systemic obstacles.
Barriers to change
Principles of time management
Trombone Model of DNA
A model for the action of RecBCD, (c) sites, and RecA in initiating homologous recombination
The Sun and climate change
DNA-Z computer model