Answer to Question 1
The four phases of project management are:
1. Starting phase: The fundamental purpose of the starting phase is to set the ground rules for the
project and the team. Other tasks during the starting phase are to set the scope of the project and
to establish an initial budget.
2. Planning phase: The purpose of the planning phase is to determine who will do what and by
when. Work activities are defined, and resources such as personnel, budget, and equipment are
assigned to them. Tasks often depend on one other. The project budget is usually revised during
the planning phase as well.
3. Doing phase: Project tasks are accomplished during the doing phase. The key management
challenge here is to ensure that tasks are accomplished on time, and, if not, to identify schedule
problems as early as possible. As work progresses, it is often necessary to add or delete tasks,
change task assignments, add or remove task labor or other resources, and so forth. Another
important task is to document and report project progress.
4. Finalizing phase: In this phase, the team needs to document its results, document information
for future teams, close down the project, and disband the team.
Answer to Question 2
C
Large-scale impacts of the (a) positive, and (b) negative phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation.
The phases and ionic basis of an action potential.
Phases of the myocardial action potential. Ion movements during each phase are shown.
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Introduction to Management Science, 13th Edition