Answer to Question 1
1. the signaling methods used for conveying or representing data and translating between them, 2. the circuit configuration that carries the data, 3 . the transmission medium used, which is wired or wireless, upon which the circuits are based, and 4. the devices typically associated with this layer.
Answer to Question 2
The physical layers of the OSI and TCP/IP models serve the same function in a very similar manner. Both identify the physical characteristics of the network. The physical layer interfaces directly with the data link layer. The data link layer passes frames of data bits down to the physical layer. The physical layer then transmits these frames as an unformatted stream of electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signals represented by the binary bits 0 and 1. In effect, the physical layer does not see a frame, only a stream of data bits. The physical layer is responsible for transmitting this unformatted bit stream across a transmission medium, from one device to another, until ultimately the data bits travel from sender to receiver. Data bits are frequently passed through pins in the connectors. It is the physical layer's function to make pin-signal assignments for the cable and connectors.
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Diagram of a cell membrane. The cell membrane is a double layer of phospholipid molecules with ...