Matthew once had a teacher who punished him severely whenever he did poorly on a mathematics test. Now he refuses to open a math book, saying that he is too scared to do so. He has learned to associate mathematics with the pain of punishment. Here, the painful punishment is:
a. an unconditioned stimulus.
b. an unconditioned response.
c. a conditioned stimulus.
d. a conditioned response.
Question 2
Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are two types of learning described by behaviorists. A major difference between them is that:
a. classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli, whereas instrumental conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses.
b. classical conditioning deals almost exclusively with responses, whereas instrumental conditioning deals almost exclusively with stimuli.
c. classically conditioned responses are voluntary, whereas responses learned through instrumental conditioning are involuntary.
d. classically conditioned responses are involuntary, whereas responses learned through instrumental conditioning are voluntary.
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