Answer to Question 1
(a) Instrumentationthe actual equipment may need calibration after a time, especially mechanical devices; in addition, the researcher may inadvertently change scoring procedures in a way that makes later scores different from earlier scores.
(b) Testingparticipants' behaviors change because they become sensitized to the study with repeated testing
(c) Statistical regression (Regression to the mean)If tested at the beginning of a study and at the end, initial scores may be artificially high or low because of measurement error; this error is not likely to persist, so scores migrate back where they belong.
Answer to Question 2
According to Glueck and Jauch (1975), a significant number of researchers claim that their investigations come from their own ideas, followed by ideas they encounter in the research literature. They are less likely to develop ideas based on interaction with colleagues or with their research teams. Very often, the topics of their research reflect societal controversies and important social questions.
The kidney. Illustration of a sectioned kidney, which reveals its internal features.
Internal structures of main sequence stars, convection zones with arrowed cycles and radiative zones
Landmarks for tricep skinfold measurement
Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The body’s survival depends on mechanisms that maintain internal homeostasis
cow internal