Answer to Question 1
(a) Instrumentationthe actual equipment may need calibration after a time, especially mechanical devices; in addition, the researcher may inadvertently change scoring procedures in a way that makes later scores different from earlier scores.
(b) Testingparticipants' behaviors change because they become sensitized to the study with repeated testing
(c) Statistical regression (Regression to the mean)If tested at the beginning of a study and at the end, initial scores may be artificially high or low because of measurement error; this error is not likely to persist, so scores migrate back where they belong.
Answer to Question 2
According to Glueck and Jauch (1975), a significant number of researchers claim that their investigations come from their own ideas, followed by ideas they encounter in the research literature. They are less likely to develop ideas based on interaction with colleagues or with their research teams. Very often, the topics of their research reflect societal controversies and important social questions.
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