Answer to Question 1
Answers should include Putin's appointment of governors, who use their positions to enrich and empower themselves.
Answer to Question 2
Snow forms as ice crystals in clouds. In the same way that water droplets form around cloud condensation nuclei (Chapter 4), small ice crystals also form around tiny mineral or organic particles in the atmosphere referred to as freezing nuclei. At that point, the ice crystal can grow and take a variety of forms, largely as a function of temperature. The dominant process is one of depositionthe ice forms directly from water vapor (rather than the freezing of liquid water). Once the ice crystal forms, it continues to grow primarily by deposition. In the absence of freezing nuclei, pure water will not freeze until temperatures in the cloud drop to 233K (-40oC). This means that once temperatures drop below 273K and some ice starts to form around freezing nuclei, the cloud will consist of a mixture of ice crystals and supercooled water droplets (liquid water that is colder than 273K is referred to as supercooled water). The saturation vapor pressure for ice and liquid water are the same at 273K. As the temperature drops, however, the saturation vapor pressure with respect to ice decreases. This means that as far as the ice is concerned, the air is supersaturated and water vapor will deposit directly on the ice to grow the ice crystal. In doing so, that lowers the vapor pressure of the air, which results in evaporation from the water dropletsand the ice crystals grow at the expense of the water droplets. In other words, the ice grows by direct deposition and moves from gas to solid without going through the liquid phase first. It is this process that gives rise to the common view of hexagonal snowflakes such as those in Figure 6-4.
A reindeer sled, Arkhangelsk, Russia. Late nineteenth-century photochrom.
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