Kathy Kelly, a seventh-grade teacher, notices that Joanne, a new student, appears quite ill at ease in her class. She decides to try to make her feel more comfortable, so each day when Joanne comes in, Kathy spends a few seconds with her, smiles and puts her arm around Joanne's shoulder. After a period of time she notices that Joanne appears to feel much better when entering the classroom. Kathy's efforts most closely relate to an application of which of the following?
a. Negative reinforcement
b. Classical conditioning
c. Positive reinforcement
d. Vicarious conditioning
Question 2
If Greg's confidence and self-esteem are typical of patterns for students with exceptionalities as identified by research, which of the following is the most likely description?
a. Greg will be virtually unaware of his exceptionality and will behave as a typical fifth grader.
b. Greg will be aware of his exceptionality, but it won't significantly impact his confidence and self-esteem one way or the other.
c. Greg will be aware of his exceptionality, and his confidence and self-esteem are likely to be adversely affected by the negative attitudes of his peers.
d. In an effort to compensate for his exceptionality, Greg's confidence and self-esteem are likely to be slightly higher than that of average students in his class but lower than the brightest students in his class.
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