Which of the following pulmonary function improvements have been ...

[lb_gilbert]

Which of the following pulmonary function improvements have been associated with lung vol-ume-reduction surgery (LVRS) in patients with emphysema?
 
  1. Improved exercise endurance
  2. Improved FEV1
  3. Improved quality-of-life
  4. Improved survival
  a. 1, 3, and 4 only
  b. 2 and 4 only
  c. 3 only
  d. 2, 3, and 4 only

Question 2

What causes the degranulation of mast cells in asthma patients?
 
  a. Antigens attaching to IgE molecules on the mast cell surface.
  b. Antigens attaching to proteins receptors on mast cell surface.
  c. Irritant receptors on the mast cells are stimulated by antigens.
  d. Infectious particles attacking the mast cells.

[Kedrick2014]

Answer to Question 1

ANS: A
LVRS can prolong survival, improve quality-of-life, and increase exercise capacity.

Answer to Question 2

ANS: A
When a patient with asthma inhales an allergen to which he or she is sensitized, the antigen cross-links to specific IgE molecules attached to the surface of mast cells in the bronchial mucosa and submucosa. The mast cells degranulate rapidly (within 30 min), releasing multiple mediators including leukotrienes (previously known as slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis SRS-A), histamine, prostaglandins, platelet-activating factor, and other mediators.

[lb_gilbert]

Excellent

[daiying98]

Thanks for the timely response, appreciate it