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Intradermal injections are somewhat difficult to correctly administer because the skin layers are so thin that it is easy to accidentally punch through to the deeper subcutaneous layer.
Between 1999 and 2012, American adults with high total cholesterol decreased from 18.3% to 12.9%
For about 100 years, scientists thought that peptic ulcers were caused by stress, spicy food, and alcohol. Later, researchers added stomach acid to the list of causes and began treating ulcers with antacids. Now it is known that peptic ulcers are predominantly caused by Helicobacter pylori, a spiral-shaped bacterium that normally exist in the stomach.
Congestive heart failure is a serious disorder that carries a reduced life expectancy. Heart failure is usually a chronic illness, and it may worsen with infection or other physical stressors.
People with alcoholism are at a much greater risk of malnutrition than are other people and usually exhibit low levels of most vitamins (especially folic acid). This is because alcohol often takes the place of 50% of their daily intake of calories, with little nutritional value contained in it.
![Some red squirrels adopt the offspring of related individuals, a likely example of kin selection pro](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_33_09_09_11_10_15_28_17161536.jpeg)
![As a result of sharing its environment with humans, this macaque had the opportunity to steal an ast](https://biology-forums.com/gallery/47/medium_12359_08_06_12_5_24_39.jpeg)