Answer to Question 1
The approaches to assess whether an animal is stressed include:
1 . Behavioral indices
2 . Plasma concentrations of the adrenal stress hormone, cortisol and corticosterone
3 . Production metrics such as growth or milk production, or egg production
4 . Health indices including the frequency of injuries, disease, and mortality as stress impairs the immune response
5 . Physiological indices such as heart rate
Answer to Question 2
Animals have reproductive behaviors:
1 . To increase the chances that the male will pass on its genes to as many offspring as possible
2 . To increase the chances that the female gametes will be fertilized
3 . To restrict mating to within the same species
4 . To identify when a female is fertile
5 . Because courtship behaviors prior to mating ensure that the female is responsive and in the position to allow mounting
6 . For mounting, intromission, and insemination
7 . For parental behaviors to feed and protect the offspring
Micrographs showing cytokinesis in animal and plant cells
Approach used to determine the evolutionary relationships among many animal species using molecular
Approach used to determine the evolutionary relationships among many animal species using molecular
mitosis animal 1
The major events in meiosis in an animal cell
human vs animal hand