Answer to Question 1
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Aesthetic knowledge is the art of nursing and is expressed by nurses in their creativity and style in meeting the needs of clients.
Rationale 2: Empirical knowing ranges from factual, observable phenomena to theoretical analysis. Empirical knowledge is systematic and helps to describe, explain, and predict phenomena.
Rationale 3: Personal knowledge is concerned with the knowing, encountering, and actualizing of the concrete, individual self.
Rationale 4: Creativity is part of aesthetic knowledge.
Answer to Question 2
Correct Answer: 3
Rationale 1: Roach's theory focuses on caring as a philosophical concept and proposes that caring is the human mode of being, or the most common, authentic criterion of humanness.
Rationale 2: Ray's theory of caring focuses on caring in organizations and is influenced by the organizational structure.
Rationale 3: Boykin and Schoenhofer emphasize the importance of the nurse knowing oneself as caring. Through knowing oneself as a caring person, the nurse can be authentic to self, freeing oneself to truly be with others.
Rationale 4: Watson views caring as the essence and the moral ideal of nursing.