Your mother-in-law says that rubbing a carpet stain with toothpaste before applying stain remover helps take the stain out. You are skeptical. You asked an impartial neighbor to set up a randomized experiment to find out whether there is a relationship between the stain removing method and the outcome. She went home to collect and analyze the data, then called you and said In a chi-square test, I would choose the alternative hypothesis, and then hung up. What do you conclude?
a. The toothpaste didn't make a difference.
b. The toothpaste did help after all.
c. The toothpaste had a significant effect but you don't know in which way yet.
d. The toothpaste made things worse.
Question 2
Suppose you find a statistically significant relationship between two categorical variables (with no other supporting evidence available). When can such results correctly lead you conclude a cause and effect relationship?
a. Never.
b. Only when the data were from a randomized experiment.
c. Only when the data were from a random sample.
d. Always; a statistically significant relationship wouldn't be significant unless there is a cause and effect relationship.
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